منابع مشابه
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We argue that the lack of academic proficiency in K-12 education is due to information asymmetry between the policy-maker, households and schools. The policy-maker is thus unable to write down contracts that ensure proficiency, and must incur agency costs which, in turn, generate other distortions. We develop a theoretical equilibrium model where schools and households choose their efforts in r...
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متن کاملEducational Testing: Measuring and Remedying Achievement Gaps
Achievement gaps, as measured by standardized tests, are inextricably related to educational goals, standards, norms, and benchmarks for student learning outcomes. I revisit conventional approaches to educational testing to measure achievement gaps—norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, and potential-referenced tests. I explore and discuss a paradigm shift from “passive” tests to “responsive” t...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Osteoporosis International
سال: 2009
ISSN: 0937-941X,1433-2965
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-1115-7